Spina bifida

Spina bifida

Spina bifida is a birth defect that happens when a baby's backbone (spine) does not form normally. As a result, the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out of it may be damaged. This defect happens at the end of the first month of pregnancy, when a baby's spine and spinal cord (a bundle of nerves that runs down the center of the spine) are developing.

Sometimes, the defect causes an opening in the back, which is visible. The spinal cord and its coverings sometimes push through this opening. Other times, there is no opening and the defect remains hidden under the skin.

Depending on the severity of the defect and where it is on the spine, symptoms vary. Mild defects may cause few or no problems, while more severe defects can cause serious problems, including weakness, loss of bladder control, or paralysis.

Children with an exposed opening on the back will need surgery to close it.

Causes

Low levels of the vitamin folic acid during pregnancy are linked to spina bifida. Folic acid plays a large role in cell growth and development, as well as tissue formation. Not having enough folic acid in the diet before and during early pregnancy can increase a woman's risk of spina bifida and other neural tube defects.

A high fever during pregnancy may increase a woman's chances of having a baby with spina bifida. Women with epilepsy who have taken the drug valproic acid to control seizures also are at an increased risk of having a baby with spina bifida.

Types

The two forms of spina bifida are spina bifida occulta and spina bifida aperta.

Diagnosis

Expectant parents may be able to find out if a baby has spina bifida by taking certain prenatal tests.

Treatment

Treatment for spina bifida depends on its severity. Because spina bifida can involve many different body systems, like the nervous and skeletal systems, children may need support from a team of medical professionals. This team may include doctors (such as neurosurgeons, urologists, and orthopedic surgeons), physical and occupational therapists, and social workers.

Prevention

Many cases of spina bifida can be prevented if women of childbearing age take 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) of folic acid every day before pregnancy and continue to take it throughout the first trimester. Some women may have to take more folic acid, especially if they are taking the medicine valproic acid for epilepsy or depression.Good sources of folic acid include eggs, orange juice, and dark green leafy vegetables. Many multivitamins contain the recommended dose of folic acid, too.